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Sociological Theory
On the surface, we might think that French classical sociological theory, like Marx's the ory, was directly and positively influenced by the Enlightenment. French sociology be came rational, empirical, scientific, and change-oriented, but not before it was also shaped by a set of ideas developed in reaction to the Enlightenment. In Seidman's view, "The ideology of the counter-Enlightenment represented a virtual inversion of Enlight- enment liberalism. In place of modernist premises, we can detect in the Enlightenment critics a strong anti-modernist sentiment" (1983:51). As we will see, sociology in gen- eral, and French sociology in particular, has from the beginning been an uncomfortable mix of Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment ideas
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